Prevention Tips

Given Pneumonia is a sign of high-risk disease was initially very similar to the flu, it is good to the parents to remain vigilant by taking into account the following tips:

* Protects baby (children) from exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution and the crowds that have the potential transmission.
* Protects your baby (child) from contact with people with shortness of breath.
* Familiarize breastfeeding.
* Immediate treatment if we find the child has fever, cough, colds. Especially if accompanied by hoarseness, shortness of breath and a tug on the muscles between the ribs (retractions).
* Check back in 2 days if improvement has not been revealed. And immediately to the hospital if the child's condition worsens.
* Hib immunization (to provide immunity against Haemophilus influenzae, Heptavalen Pneumococcal vaccine (to prevent IPD = invasive pneumococcal diseases) and influenzae vaccination in high risk children, primarily ages 6-23 months. Unfortunately this vaccine can not be enjoyed by all children because the price is quite expensive.

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Treatment

Treatment is aimed to eradicate micro-organisms cause. Although antibiotics are sometimes not needed if the cause is a virus, but for areas that do not have a culture of microorganisms facility would be problematic given the way the disease progresses rapidly, while on the other hand there is difficulty distinguishing between viral and bacterial causes. In addition, it is still possible involvement of secondary infection by bacteria.
Therefore, antibiotics are given if the patient has been defined as pneumonia.
Another problem in terms of treatment of patients with pneumonia is the limited access to services due to geographical factors. The location is remote and yet the prevalence of difficult access to care when transporting patients with pneumonia requiring further treatment (reference) in the hospital.

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Signs of Pneumonia

Penumonia signs vary widely, depending on age groups, causing micro-organisms, the immune system (immunological) and severity of disease.
In general, begins with fever, cough, colds, hoarseness, sore throat. Furthermore, the higher the heat, the more severe cough, rapid breathing (tachypnea), the muscular ribs (retractions), shortness of breath and the patient becomes bluish (cyanotic). Sometimes accompanied by other signs such as headache, abdominal pain and vomiting (in children over 5 years).
In infants (aged under 1 year) signs of pneumonia are not specific, not always found fever and cough.
In addition to the signs above, WHO has been using a frequency counting breaths per minute based on age groups as one of the guidelines to facilitate the diagnosis of pneumonia, especially in basic health care institutions.

 

   Table: Guidelines for Calculation of Frequency of breathing (WHO)

Umur Anak	Nafas Normal	Takipnea (Nafas Cepat)
0 - 2 bulan	30-50 per menit	sama atau > 60 x per menit
2 - 12 bulan	25-40 per menit	sama atau > 50 x per menit
1 - 5 tahun	20-30 per menit	sama atau > 40 x per menit

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Causes of Pneumonia

Most of the causes of Pneumonia is a microorganism (virus, bacteria). And the fraction by other causes such as hydrocarbons (kerosene, gasoline, or the like) and the entry of food, beverages, milk, stomach contents into the airway (aspiration).
Various causes of pneumonia were grouped by age group, severity of illness and the accompanying complications (complications).
Microorganisms are the most common cause of viral pneumonia, especially Syncial Respiratory Virus (RSV), which reached 40%. While the class of bacteria that come into play, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
Initially, microorganisms entering through saliva spray (droplet), then the spread of microorganisms from the upper airway to the tissue (parenchymal) lung and a small part due to the spread through the bloodstream.

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Definition of Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infection of tissue (parenchymal) lung is characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath.
In addition to the above general description, pneumonia can be identified based on the guidelines for other clinical signs and investigations (X-rays, laboratory).
At the age of children, pneumonia is the leading cause of death especially in developing countries including Indonesia. Pneumonia in children under five mortality rate in Indonesia is estimated to reach 21% (UNICEF, 2006). The morbidity is estimated at 250 to 299 per 1000 children under five each year. The facts are astonishing. Therefore, we should be aware of any complaints of fever, cough, shortness in children with it checked out early.

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PNEUMONIA

Alert Pneumonia, Cough Colds not just heat.
Complaints of fever, cough, colds often attack our children, especially at ages under 5 years old (toddlers). Some complaints are caused by viruses and heal by itself (self limited).

Parents should be alert and immediately brought to the doctor, health center or hospital when the baby shows signs of "warning" such as: restlessness, irritability, shortness of breath becomes rapid and, in addition to fever, cough, colds. It is not possible to complaints is a manifestation of the disease pneumonia.

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How to Overcome Obesity in Children

How to overcome obesity in children are:
1. Consider the food will be given to children.
It seems all the parents already carry it out. If not then yes, immediately noticed the food / intake given to children.
2. Give lunch to school and get used to breakfast.
3. Fix ways / techniques to process food (for mothers nih)
4. Make it a rule to eat
Time or clock-hour meal, make a regular basis.
5. Do activities that require physical movement
6. Limit the number of hours anak2 when playing games, etc..
7. For toddlers or young children, make a baby sleep soundly.
Research shows that children who sleep well are able to prevent obesity.

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Factors Causing Obesity

Factors causing obesity, include:1. Genetic factors.Obesity tends to run, so it is thought to have genetic causes. But family members not only share genes but also diet and lifestyle habits, which could encourage obesity. Often it is difficult to separate lifestyle factors with genetic factors. Recent studies show that the average genetic factors influence 33% of a person's weight.
2. Environmental factors.The gene is an important factor in many cases of obesity, but a person's environment also plays a significant role. This environment includes behavioral / lifestyle patterns (eg what to eat and how many times a person eats and how their activities). A person certainly can not change their genetic pattern, but he can change the diet and activity.
3. Psychological factors.What's inside a person's mind can affect eating habits. Many people react to her emotions by eating.
4. Health factors.Several diseases can lead to obesity, including:
          o Hypothyroidism
          o Cushing's syndrome
          o Prader-Willi Syndrome
          o Several neurological disorders that can cause a person to eat a lot.
5. Drugs.Certain medications (eg steroids and some anti-depressants) can cause weight gain.6. Developmental factors.The addition of size or number of fat cells (or both) cause increasing amounts of fat stored in the body. Obese people, especially those that became obese in childhood, can have the fat cells up to 5 times more than people whose weight is normal. The number of fat cells can not be reduced, so weight loss can only be done by reducing the amount of fat in each cell.
7. Physical activity.Lack of physical activity is probably one of the main causes of the increasing incidence of obesity in the midst of a prosperous society. People who do not actively require fewer calories. Someone who tend to eat foods rich in fat and not doing physical activity are balanced, will be obese.

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The Cause of Obesity in Children

The cause of obesity in children include:
1. genetic factors
Parents who are overweight, tend to have obese children as well. (see paragraph above).

2. Fast food (fast food)
Today we meet a lot of fast food in everyday life. It also triggered by incessant advertising them very attractive to children, and also added a gift of toys they offer to pack the kids. (koq so write steam anyway?)

3. Snacks in the packaging
For example snacks, etc..

4. Soft drinks (soft drinks)
Just like fast food, soft drinks (soft drinks) proved to have a high sugar content so that the weight will quickly increase if you consume these beverages. A delicious and refreshing taste makes children very fond of this drink.

5. Lack of physical activity
Childhood identical to the play. First, children's games are usually a physical game that requires kids running, jumping or other movement. However, it has been replaced with electronic games, computers, Internet, or television is simply done by just sitting in front of it without having to move. This is what causes a child less exercise, causing overweight.

6. Too soon to give solid foods when the baby (It should be noted for mothers who have young children)
If you give too much food to children, either breast milk or formula or solid foods, it would result in too many calories children receive, and they will learn to eat too much.
Babies who drink formula, not milk, at risk of obesity when starting solid foods too quickly.

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